Module 3

Digital data transmission – Serial, Parallel, Synchronous, Asynchronous and Isochronous transmission. Transmission mode-    Simplex - Half duplex – Full duplex, Noise- different types of noise – Basic Principles of Switching (circuit, packet, message switching)

 

 

Timing

Timing refers to how the receiving system knows that it received the start of a group of bits and the end of a group of bits. Two major timing schemes are used: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission.

1. Asynchronous Transmission sends only 1 character at a time. A character being a letter of the alphabet or number or control character. Preceding each character is a Start bit and ending each character is 1 or more Stop bits.

2. Synchronous Transmission sends packets of characters at a time. Each packet is preceded by a Start Frame which is used to tell the receiving station that a new packet of characters is arriving and to synchronize the receiving station's internal clock. The packets also have End Frames to indicate the end of the packet. The packet can contain up to 64,000 bits. Both Start and End Frames have a special bit sequence that the receiving station recognizes to indicate the start and end of a packet. The Start and End frames may be only 2 bytes each.

Conventional representation has asynchronous data flowing left to right and synchronous data flowing right to left.

 

 Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Transmission

Asynchronous transmission is simple and inexpensive to implement. It is used mainly with Serial Ports and dialup connections. Requires start and stop bits for each character - this adds a high overhead to transmission. For example: for every byte of data, add 1 Start Bit and 2 Stop Bits. 11 bits are required to send 8 bits! Asynchronous is used in slow transfer rates typically up to 56 kbps.

Synchronous transmission is more efficient as little as only 4 bytes (3 Start Framing bytes and 1 Stop Framing byte) are required to transmit up to 64 kbits. Synchronous transmission is more difficult and expensive to implement. It is used with all higher comunication transfer rates: Ethernet, Token Ring etc... Synchronous is used in fast transfer rates typically 56 kbps to 100 Mbps.

Historically, synchronous communications were operating over 2400/4800 baud modems on point-to-point communications, for example: IBM2770/IBM2780/IBM3780 (historical information courtesy of Jacques Sincennes, University of Ottawa)

 Asynchronous Communications

Asynchronous communications or transmission sends individual characters one at a time framed by a start bit and 1 or 2 stop bits.

Start/Stop bits

The purpose of the Start bit is to notify the receiving station of a new character arriving. Typically data is shown moving left to right. This is how it would appear on a Storage Oscilloscope or Network Analyser. The MSB ( Most Significant Bit) is sent first and the LSB (Least Significant Bit) is sent last.

The purpose of the Stop bits is to indicate the end of data. There could be 1 or 2 stop bits with 1 being the typical number of stop bits used today. In Asynchronous transmission, the characters are sent individually with a quiet period in between (quiet meaning 0 bit level). Asynchronous communications requires the transmitting station and the receiving station to have individual internal free-running clocks operating at the same frequency. Free-running means that the clocks are not locked together.

Both clocks operating at same frequency:

The receive station starts checking for data after the Start bit is received (Start bit is a wake up call!).

The receive station samples the transmitted data in the middle of each data bit. The samples are evenly spaced and match the transmitted data because both transmit and receive clocks are operating at the same frequency.

Receive clock frequency higher than transmitted frequency:

If the receive station's clock is higher in frequency, the samples will be spaced closer together (higher frequency - shorter period). In the above example, we transmitted the following data: 0100 1010 but we received the data: 0100 0101. The samples are out of synchronization with the transmitting data. We would have an error in receiving data.

Clocks are controlled by crystals (abbreviated: Xtal). Crystals are metal cans that hold a piezo-electric element that resonates at a certain frequency when a voltage is applied to it. If you drop a crystal or a printed circuit board (PCB) that has a crystal on it, the crystal can fracture inside the metal can. Either it will stop working or change its frequency, both result in a malfunctioning circuit! Crystals are also temperature sensitive and change frequency with temperature!

Receive clock frequency lower than transmitted frequency:

If the receiving station's clock is lower in frequency than the transmitted frequency, then the samples become farther apart (lower frequency - wider period). Again the samples become out of sync with the transmitted data!

The transmitted data is 0100 1010 but the receive data is 0101 0101! Again we would have receive data errors.

This is a basic problem with asynchronous communications, both transmitter and receiver require a very stable clock to work properly. At high frequencies (which result in high transfer rates), clock stability is critical and asynchronous transmission is very difficult to accomplish. Because of this inherent problem with asynchronous transmission, it is used at low frequency/slow transfer rates.

 

Data Transmission Modes

The term transmission mode defines the direction of data flow between two linked devices. The manner or way in which data is transmitted from one place to another is called Data Transmission Mode. There are three ways for transmitting data from one location to another. These are:

1. Simplex mode
2. Half-Duplex mode
3. Full-Duplex mode

1. Simplex Mode

In Simplex mode, the communication can take place in only one direction. In this mode, a terminal can only send data and cannot receive it or it can only receive data but cannot send it. It means that in this mode communication is uni-directional. Today, this mode of data communication is not popular, because most of the modem communications require two-way exchange of data. However, this mode of communication is used in business field at certain point-of-sale terminals in which sales data is entered without a corresponding reply. The other examples of simplex communication modes are Radio and T.V transmissions.

In computer system, the keyboard, monitor and printer are examples of simplex devices. The keyboard can only be used to enter data into computer, while monitor and printer can only accept (display/print) output.

2. Half-Duplex Mode

In Half-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions, but only in one direction at a time. In this mode, data is sent and received alternatively. It is like a one-lane bridge where two-way traffic must give way in order to cross the other.

In half-duplex mode, at a time only one end transmits data while other end receives. In addition, it is possible to perform error detection and request the sender to re-transmit information. The Internet browsing is an example of half duplex. When we issue a request to download a web document, then that document is downloaded and displayed before we issue another request.

3. Full-Duplex Mode

In Full-duplex mode, the communication can take place in both directions simultaneously, i.e. at the same time on the same channel. It is the fastest directional mode of communication. Example of this mode is conversation of the persons through telephone. This type of communication is similar to automobile traffic on a two-lane road. The telephone communication system is an example of MI-duplex communication mode.

Types of Data Transmission Modes

There are two types of data transmission modes. These are:

1. Parallel Transmission
2. Serial Transmission

1. Parallel Transmission

In parallel transmission, bits of data flow concurrently through separate communication lines. Parallel transmission is shown in figure below. The automobile traffic on a multi-lane highway is an example of parallel transmission. Inside the computer binary data flows from one unit to another using parallel mode. If the computer uses 32-bk internal structure, all the 32-bits of data are transferred simultaneously on 32-lane connections. Similarly, parallel transmission is commonly used to transfer data from computer to printer. The printer is connected to the parallel port of computer and parallel cable that has many wires is used to connect the printer to computer. It is very fast data transmission mode.

2. Serial Transmission

In serial data transmission, bits of data flow in sequential order through single communication line. Serial dat& transmission is shown in figure below. The flow of traffic on one-lane residential street is an example of serial data transmission mode. Serial transmission is typically slower than parallel transmission, because data is sent sequentially in a bit-by-bit fashion. Serial mouse uses serial transmission mode in computer.

Synchronous & Asynchronous Transmissions

Synchronous Transmission

In synchronous transmission, large volumes of information can be transmitted at a time. In this type of transmission, data is transmitted block-by-block or word-byword simultaneously. Each block may contain several bytes of data. In synchronous transmission, a special communication device known as synchronized clock' is required to schedule the transmission of information. This special communication device or equipment is expensive.

Asynchronous Transmission

In asynchronous transmission, data is transmitted one byte at a 'time'. This type of transmission is most commonly used by microcomputers. The data is transmitted character-by-character as the user types it on a keyboard.

An asynchronous line that is idle (not being used) is identified with a value 1, also known as 'Mark' state. This value is used by the communication devices to find whether the line is idle or disconnected. When a character (or byte) is about to be transmitted, a start bit is sent. A start bit has a value of 0, also called a space state. Thus, when the line switches from a value of 1 to a value of 0, the receiver is alerted that a character is coming.

 

Circuit switching

In circuit switching, transmission between a source and the destination is achieved through a dedicated physical link for the entire duration of transmission. The entire link remains dedicated and no other potential and/or emergent users can use it even when the path happens to be idle. Circuit switching is used in telephones. A circuit switching telephone circuit is only 30-40 per cent efficient as most of the time is spent on the listening mode. Synchronous transfer mode (STM) uses circuit switching. The common-T carrier for digitised voice uses STM.

In order to avoid the irregular gaps/delays in between words and/or bunches of words, synchronised time-division multiplexing is used in voice communication. Each slot in the multiplexing system is assigned to a voice call and thereby the access is guaranteed as long as the call lasts. All the multiplexed time slots form a frame. Each slot in the frame is synchronised through the frame bit and position.

Advantages of Circuit Switching:

    * Once the circuit has been set up, communication is fast and without error.

    * It is highly reliable

Disadvantages:

    * Involves a lot of overhead, during channel set up.

    * Waists a lot of bandwidth, especial in speech whereby a user is sometimes listening, and not talking.

    * Channel set up may take longer.

 

To overcome the disadvantages of circuit switching, packet switching was introduced, and instead of dedicating a channel to only two parties for the duration of the call it routes packets individually as they are available. This mechanism is referred to as being connectionless.

 

Packet Switching

Since its introduction in the early 1970s, packet switching has received widespread acceptance. Public networks have been constructed in most developed countries and many developing countries. The internetwork ITU-T X.75 protocol provides for interlinking of national networks at an international level. The ITU-T X.25 Recommendation is the original standard for packet-switching architecture.

Packet switching has several advantages over conventional circuit-switched networks. The circuit-switched network maintains a fixed bandwidth between the transmitter and receiver for the duration of a call. Also, the circuit-switched network is bit stream transparent, meaning it is not concerned with the data content or error-checking process. This is not the case for packet switching, where bandwidth is allocated dynamically on an "as required" basis. Data is transmitted in packets, each containing a header that contains the destination of the packet and a tail, or footer, for error-checking information. Packets from different sources can coexist on the same customer-to-network physical link without interference. The simultaneous call and variable bandwidth facilities improve the efficiency of the overall network. The buffering in the system which allows terminals operating at different bit rates to interwork with each other is a significant advantage of packet switching. The obvious disadvantage is the extra dimension of complexity with respect to the switches and network-to-customer protocol.

Furthermore, in certain circumstances, packet switching has several advantages over other methods of data communication:

1. Packet switching might be more economical than using private lines if the amount of traffic between terminals does not warrant a dedicated circuit.

2. Packet switching might be more economical than dialed data when the data communication sessions are shorter than a telephone call minimum chargeable time unit.

3. Destination information is contained in each packet, so numerous messages can be sent very quickly to many different destinations. The rate depends on how fast the data terminal equipment (DTE) can transmit the packets,

4. Computers at each node allow dynamic data routing. This inherent intelligence in the network picks the best possible route for a packet to take through the network at any particular time. Throughput and efficiency are therefore maximized.

5. The packet network inherent intelligence also allows graceful degradation of the network in the event of a node or path (link) failure. Automatic rerouting of the packets around the failed area causes more congestion in those areas, but the overall system is still operable.

6. Other features of this intelligence are error detection and correction, fault diagnosis, verification of message delivery, message sequence checking, reverse billing (charging), etc.

 

Message switching

A form of store-and-forward switching known as message switching has existed for many decades in telegraphy. e-mail is a latest example of message switching.

The message, a meaningful information or a set of data, as a whole is sent from a source to its nearest node from where, depending on the availability of free link, it is either passed or stored for next change.

A major problem in message switching is that if a message is long, an urgent message may have to be sacrificed for an ordinary one, because once a message is on transmission, it cannot be stopped. In order to avoid this problem and to make message switching more practical, the concept of packet switching was introduced.

Comparison

A packet switching network is expected to deliver its packets in a fraction of a second, whereas a message switching network is expected to deliver a message typically in a fraction of an hour.

A packet switching mode deletes a message from the memory as soon as an acknowledgement of correct receipt is received from the next node. On the contrary, message switching system files the message for any possible retrieval in future. Due to this, a message switching network has a mesh topology where no particular node dominates the structure. Thus, message switching incorporates the advantage of both circuit switching and message switching.

In packet switching, there are two approaches—virtual circuit and datagram—for transmitting data from a source to the destination.In virtual circuit approach, a logical connection between the source and the destination is established prior to transmission of packets. The approach is similar to circuit switching, but the established path is not physically dedicated and may be shared by other sets of users. In the datagram service, each packet uses a path throughout the network in between a source and a destination based on current information available to the node.

The basic difference between the virtual circuit and datagram approach is that the node does not take a routing decision for each packet in virtual circuit approach as is done in datagram approach.

Circuit switching is best suited for time-sensitive communications, like voice, because this service does not tolerate delay and jittering. Low delay and avoidance of jittering are possible with circuit switching. On the other hand, packet switching is suitable for time-insensitive communications, like data, because it does not tolerate error but can tolerate delay. Circuit switching can be considered equivalent to packet switching where one packet in the information is transmitted over entire duration of the call.

 

Labels: computer networks, data communication

Labels: computer networks, data communication

66. Initialize 8255

Statement: Write a program to initialize 8255 in the configuration given below

Sample 1:

Write a program to initialize 8255 in the configuration given below:

1. Port A: Simple input

2. Port B: Simple output

3. Port CL: Output

4. Port Cu: Input

Assume address of the control word register of 8255 as 83H.

Solution:

SOURCE PROGRAM 1:

MVI A, 98H : Load control word

OUT 83H : Send control word

Sample 2:

Write a program to initialize 8255 in the configuration given below:

1. Port A: Output with handshake

2. Port B: Input with handshake

3. Port CL: Output

4. Port Cu: Input

Assume address of the control word register of 8255 as 23H.

SOURCE PROGRAM 2:

MVI A, AEH : Load control word

OUT 23H : Send control word

67. Blink port C bit 0 of 8255

Source program:

BACK: MVI A, 0lH : Load bit pattern to make PCο high

OUT 83H : Send it to control word register

CALL DELAY : Call Delay subroutine

MVI A, 00H : Load bit pattern to make PCο Low

OUT 83H : Send it to control word register

CALL Delay : Call Delay subroutine

JMP BACK : Repeat

Delay subroutine:

Delay: LXI D, Count

Back: DCX D

MOV A, D

ORA E

JNZ Back

RET

FLOWCHART

68. Flashing of LEDs

Statement: Design a system (both Software and Hardware) that will cause 4 LEDs to flash 10 times when a push button switch is pressed. Use 8255. Assume persistence of vision to be 0.1 seconds.

Source program:

LXI SP, 2000 H : Initialize stack pointer

MVI A, 90H

OUT CR : Initialize 8255

BACK: IN PA : [Read status

ANI 01 : of push

JNZ BACK : button]

MVI B, 0AH : Initialize counter

AGAIN: MVI A, 00H : Load data to light LEDs

OUT PC : Send data on port C

CALL Delay : Call. Delay of 0.1 sec

MVI A, FFH : Load data to switch off LEDs

OUT PC : Send data on port C

CALL Delay : Call Delay of 0.1 sec

DCR B : Decrement count

JNZ AGAIN : If not zero repeat

JMP BACK : Jump back to read status

Delay subroutine:

Delay: LXI D, Count

Back: DCX D

MOV A, D

ORA E

JNZ Back

RET

INTERFACING SCHEME

69. Traffic Light Control

Statement: Design a microprocessor system to control traffic lights. The traffic light arrangement is as shown in Fig. The traffic should be controlled in the following manner.

1) Allow traffic from W to E and E to W transition for 20 seconds. 2) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 3) Allow traffic from N to 5 and 5 to N for 20 seconds 4) Give transition period of 5 seconds (Yellow bulbs ON) 5) Repeat the process.

Fig. shows the interfacing diagram to control 12 electric bulbs. Port A is used to control lights on N-S road and Port B is used to control lights on W-E road. Actual pin connections are listed in Table 1 below.

The electric bulbs are controlled by relays. The 8255 pins are used to control relay on-off action with the help of relay driver circuits. The driver circuit includes 12 transistors to drive 12 relays. Fig. also shows the interfacing of 8255 to the system.

INTERFACING DIAGRAM

SOFTWARE FOR TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

Source program:

MVI A, 80H : Initialize 8255, port A and port B

OUT 83H (CR) : in output mode

START: MVI A, 09H

OUT 80H (PA) : Send data on PA to glow R1 and R2

MVI A, 24H

OUT 81H (PB) : Send data on PB to glow G3 and G4

MVI C, 28H : Load multiplier count (40ıο) for delay

CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine

MVI A, 12H

OUT (81H) PA : Send data on Port A to glow Y1 and Y2

OUT (81H) PB : Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4

MVI C, 0AH : Load multiplier count (10ıο) for delay

CALL: DELAY : Call delay subroutine

MVI A, 24H

OUT (80H) PA : Send data on port A to glow G1 and G2

MVI A, 09H

OUT (81H) PB : Send data on port B to glow R3 and R4

MVI C, 28H : Load multiplier count (40ıο) for delay

CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine

MVI A, 12H

OUT PA : Send data on port A to glow Y1 and Y2

OUT PB : Send data on port B to glow Y3 and Y4

MVI C, 0AH : Load multiplier count (10ıο) for delay

CALL DELAY : Call delay subroutine

JMP START

Delay Subroutine:

DELAY: LXI D, Count : Load count to give 0.5 sec delay

BACK: DCX D : Decrement counter

MOV A, D

ORA E : Check whether count is 0

JNZ BACK : If not zero, repeat

DCR C : Check if multiplier zero, otherwise repeat

JNZ DELAY

RET : Return to main program

70. Stepper Motor Control

Statement: Interface a Stepper Motor to the 8085 microprocessor system and write an 8085 assembly language program to control the Stepper Motor.

HARDWARE FOR STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL

A stepper motor is a digital motor. It can be driven by digital signal. Fig. shows the typical 2 phase motor rated 12V /0.67 A/ph interfaced with the 8085 microprocessor system using 8255. Motor shown in the circuit has two phases, with center-tap winding. The center taps of these windings are connected to the 12V supply. Due to this, motor can be excited by grounding four terminals of the two windings. Motor can be rotated in steps by giving proper excitation sequence to these windings. The lower nibble of port A of the 8255 is used to generate excitation signals in the proper sequence. These excitation signals are buffered using driver transistors. The transistors are selected such that they can source rated current for the windings. Motor is rotated by 1.80 per excitation.

INTERFACING SCHEME

SOFTWARE FOR STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL

As port A is used as an output port, control word for 8255 is 80H.

Stepper Motor Control Program:

6000H Excite code DB 03H, 06H,

09H, OCH : This is the code sequence for clockwise rotation

Subroutine to rotate a stepper motor clockwise by 360° - Set the counts:

MVI C, 32H : Set repetition count to 50ıο

START: MVI B, 04H : Counts excitation sequence

LXI H, 6000H : Initialize pointer

BACK1: MOV A, M : Get the Excite code

OUT PORTA : Send Excite code

CALL DELAY : Wait

INX H : Increment pointer

DCR B : Repeat 4 times

JNZ BACK1

Delay subroutine:

Delay: LXI D, Count

Back: DCX D

MOV A, D

ORA E

JNZ Back

RET

FLOWCHARTS

Source Program

Stepper motor subroutine

Delay routine

72. Seven Segment Display Interface (Eight Digits)

Statement: Interface an 8-digit 7 segment LED display using 8255 to the 8085 microprocessor system and write an 8085 assembly language routine to display message on the display.

HARDWARE FOR EIGHT DIGIT SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY INTERFACE

Fig. shows the multiplexed eight 7-segment display connected in the 8085 system using 8255. In this circuit port A and port B are used as simple latched output ports. Port A provides the segment data inputs to the display and port B provides a means of selecting a display position at a time for multiplexing the displays. A0-A7 lines are used to decode the addresses for 8255. For this circuit different addresses are:

PA = 00H PB = 01H

PC = 02H CR = 03H.

The register values are chosen in Fig. such that the segment current is 80 mA. This current is required to produce an average of 10 mA per segment as the displays are multiplexed. In this type of display system, only one of the eight display position is 'ON' at any given instant. Only one digit is selected at a time by giving low signal on the corresponding control line. Maximum anode current is 560 mA (7-segments x 80 mA = 560 mA), but the average anode current is 70 mA.

SOFTWARE FOR EIGHT DIGIT SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY INTERFACE

Source program:

SOFTWARE TO INITIALIZE 8255:

MVI A, 80H : Load control word in AL

OUT CR : Load control word in CR

SUBROUTINE TO DISPLAY MESSAGE ON MULTIPLEXED LED DISPLAY:

SET UP REGISTERS FOR DISPLAY:

MVI B, 08H : load count

MVI C, 7FH : load select pattern

LXI H, 6000B : starting address of message

DISPLAY MESSAGE:

DISP 1: MOV A, C : select digit

OUT PB

MOV A, M : get data

OUT PA : display data

CALL DELAY : wait for some time

DISP 1: MOV A, C

RRC

MOV C, A : adjust selection pattern

INX H

DCR B : Decrement count

JNZ DISP 1 : repeat 8 times

RET

Note: This "display message subroutine" must be called continuously to display the 7-segment coded message stored in the memory from address 6000H.

Delay subroutine:

Delay: LXI D, Count

Back: DCX D

MOV A, D

ORA E

JNZ Back

RET

Interfacing with IC 8279 (Keyboard and Display Controller)

73. 8 x 8 Keyboard Interface(Without Interrupt signal)

Statement: Interface an 8 x 8 matrix keyboard to 8085 through 8279 in 2-key lockout mode and write an assembly language program to read keycode of the pressed key. The external clock frequency is 2MHz. Use I/O mapped I/O technique. (Dont use any Interrupts)

HARDWARE FOR 8 x 8 MATRIX KEYBOARD INTERFACE

SOFTWARE FOR 8 x 8 MATRIX KEYBOARD INTERFACE

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 3: Find Read FIFO/sensor RAM command word.

Source program:

MVI A, 00H : Initialize keyboard/display

OUT 81H : in encoded scan keyboard-2 keylockout mode

MVI A, 34H

OUT 81H : Initialize prescaler count

BACK: IN 81H : Read FIFO status word

ANI 07H : Mask bit B3 to B7

JZ BACK : If 0, key is not pressed wait for key press else read FIFO RAM

MVI A, 40H : Initialize 8279 in read

OUT 81H : FI FO RAM mode

IN 80H : Read FIFO RAM (keycode)

HLT : Stop program execution.

FLOWCHART

74. 8 x 8 Keyboard Interface(With Interrupt signal)

Statement: Interface an 8 x 8 matrix keyboard to 8085 through 8279 in 2-key lockout mode and write an assembly language program to read keycode of the pressed key. The external clock frequency is 2MHz. Use I/O mapped I/O technique.

HARDWARE FOR 8 x 8 MATRIX KEYBOARD INTERFACE(With Interrupt)

Fig. shows the interfacing of 8 x 8 matrix keyboard in interrupt driven keyboard mode. In the interrupt driven mode interrupt line from 8279 is connected to the one of the interrupt input of 8085 except INTR. Here, INT line from 8279 is connected to the interrupt RST 7.5 of 8085. Other signal connections are same as in the non interrupt mode.

SOFTWARE FOR 8 x 8 MATRIX KEYBOARD INTERFACE(With Interrupt)

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find Read FIFO/sensor RAM command word.

Source program:

MVI A, 00H : Initialize keyboard/display in encoded

OUT 81H : scan keyboard 2 key lockout mode

MVI A, 34H

OUT 81H : Initialize prescaler count

MVI A, 0BH : Load mask pattern to enable RST 7.5

SIM : mask other interrupts

EI : Enable Interrupt

HERE: JMP HERE : Wait for the interrupt

Interrupt Subroutine:

MVI A, 40H : Initialize 8279 in read FIFO

OUT 81H : RAM mode

IN 80H : Read FIFO RAM (keycode)

EI : Enable Interrupt

RET : Return to main program

Note: In the interrupt driven keyboard, when key is pressed, key code is loaded into FIFO RAM and interrupt is generated. This interrupt signal is used to tell CPU that there is a keycode in the FIFO RAM. CPU then initiates read command with in the interrupt service routine to read key code from the FIFO RAM.

FLOWCHART

75. 8 x 4 Matrix Keyboard Interface

Statement: Interface an 8 x 4 matrix keyboard to 8085 through 8279.

HARDWARE FOR INTERFACING 8x4 MATRIX KEYBOARD

Fig. Interfacing 8 x 4 keyboard matrix in decoded scan keyboard mode.

NOTE: As keyboard is having 8 rows and 4 columns, only 4 scan lines are required and we can avoid external decoder to generate scan lines by selecting decoded scan keyboard mode.

SOFTWARE FOR INTERFACING 8x4 MATRIX KEYBOARD

Source program:

MVI A, 00H : Initialize keyboard/display in encoded

OUT 81H : scan keyboard 2 key lockout mode

MVI A, 34H

OUT 81H : Initialize prescaler count

MVI A, 0BH : Load mask pattern to enable RST 7.5

SIM : mask other interrupts

EI : Enable Interrupt

HERE: JMP HERE : Wait for the interrupt

Interrupt Subroutine:

MVI A, 40H : Initialize 8279 in read FIFO

OUT 81H : RAM mode

IN 80H : Read FIFO RAM (keycode)

EI : Enable Interrupt

RET : Return to main program

76. Interfacing of eight 7-segment digits

Statement: Interface 8/7-segment digits (common cathode) to 8085 through 8279 and write an 8085 assembly language program to display 1 to 8 on the eight seven segment digits. External clock frequency is 3 MHz.

HARDWARE FOR EIGHT SEVEN SEGMENT DIGITS INTERFACE

Fig. shows the interfacing of eight 7-segment digits to 8085 through 8279. As shown in the figure eight display lines (Bo-B3 and Ao-A3) are buffered with the help of transistor and used to drive display digits. These buffered lines are connected in parallel to all display digits. So, Sl and S2 lines are decoded and decoded lines are used for selection of one of the eight digits.

SOFTWARE FOR EIGHT SEVEN SEGMENT DIGITS INTERFACE

To display 1 to 8 numbers on the eight 7-segment digits we have to load 7-segment codes for 1 to 8 numbers in the corresponding display locations.

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find display RAM command word.

Source program:

LXI B, 6200B : Initialize lookup table pointer

MVI C, 08H : Initialize counter

MVI A, 00H : Initialize keyboard/display

OUT 8IH : Mode

MVI A, 3EH : Initialize prescaler count

OUT 8IH

MVI A, 90H : Initial size 8279 in write Display

OUT 8IH : RAM-mode

BACK : MOV A, M : Get the 7-segment code

OUT 80H : Write 7-segment code in display RAM

INX H : Increment lookup table pointer

DCR C : Decrement counter

JNZ BACK : if count = 0 stop, otherwise go to back

HLT : Stop program execution

FLOWCHART

LOOK UP TABLE

77. Interfacing of 4x4 matrix keyboard and 4 digit 7 segment display

Statement: Interface 4 x 4 matrix keyboard and 4 digit 7-segment display and write an tssembly language program to read keycode of the pressed key and display same key on :he 7 segment display.

HARDWARE FOR 4x4 MATRIX KEYBOARD & 4 DIGIT 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY INTERFACE

Fig. shows interfacing diagram. Here, 4 scan lines are sufficient to scan matrix keyboard and to select display digits. Hence decoded mode is used.

SOFTWARE FOR 4x4 MATRIX KEYBOARD & 4 DIGIT 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY INTERFACE

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find Read FIFO RAM command word.

Step 3: Find Write FIFO RAM command word.

Source program:

MVI A, 00H : Initialize keyboard/display in encoded

OUT 81H : scan keyboard 2 key lockout mode

MVI A, 34H

OUT 81H : Initialize prescaler count

MVI A, 0BH : Load mask pattern to enable RST 7.5

SIM : mask other interrupts

EI : Enable Interrupt

HERE: JMP HERE : Wait for the interrupt

Interrupt service routine

MVI A, 40H : Initialize 8279 in read FIFO RAM mode

OUT 81H

IN 80H : Get keycode

MVI H, 62H : Initialize memory pointer to point

MOV L, A : 7-Segment code

MVI A, 80H : Initialize 8279 in write display RAM mode

OUT 81H

MOV A, M : Get the 7 segment code

OUT 80H : Write 7-segment code in display RAM

EI : Enable interrupt

RET : Return to main program

FLOWCHARTS

Source Program and Interrupt Service Routine

78. Roll a message - 'HELL0123'

Statement: Write an assembly language program to roll message 'HELL0123' from right to left

HARDWARE FOR ROLLING HELLO123

Fig. shows the interfacing of eight 7-segment digits to 8085 through 8279. As shown in the figure eight display lines (Bo-B3 and Ao-A3) are buffered with the help of transistor and used to drive display digits. These buffered lines are connected in parallel to all display digits. So, Sl and S2 lines are decoded and decoded lines are used for selection of one of the eight digits.

SOFTWARE FOR ROLLING HELLO123

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find display RAM command word.

Clear command word.

Source program:

LXI B, 6200B : Initialize lookup table pointer

MVI C, 08H : Initialize counter

MVI A, 10H : Initialize keyboard/display in right entry mode

OUT 8IH : Mode

MVI A, 3EH : Initialize prescaler count

OUT 8IH

MVI A, D0H : Clear Display

OUT 8IH

MVI A, 90H : Initialize 8279 in write display

OUT 81H : RAM mode

BACK : MOV A, M : Get the 7-segment code

OUT 80H : Write 7-segment code in display RAM

INX H : Increment lookup table pointer

DCR C : Decrement counter

JNZ BACK : if count = 0 stop, otherwise go to back

HLT : Stop program execution

FLOWCHART

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79. Roll your NAME

Statement: Write an assembly language program to your name from right to left

HARDWARE FOR ROLLING HELLO123

Fig. shows the interfacing of eight 7-segment digits to 8085 through 8279. As shown in the figure eight display lines (Bo-B3 and Ao-A3) are buffered with the help of transistor and used to drive display digits. These buffered lines are connected in parallel to all display digits. So, Sl and S2 lines are decoded and decoded lines are used for selection of one of the eight digits.

SOFTWARE FOR ROLLING THE NAME - J.BINU

To roll the above namewe have to load 7-segment codes for characters within the message and it is necessary to configure 8279 in right entry mode

The three steps needed to write the software are:

Step 1: Find keyboard/display command word.

Step 2: Find program clock command word

Step 3: Find display RAM command word.

Clear command word.

Source program:

LXI B, 6200B : Initialize lookup table pointer

MVI C, 08H : Initialize counter

MVI A, 10H : Initialize keyboard/display in right entry mode

OUT 8IH : Mode

MVI A, 3EH : Initialize prescaler count

OUT 8IH

MVI A, D0H : Clear Display

OUT 8IH

MVI A, 90H : Initialize 8279 in write display

OUT 81H : RAM mode

BACK : MOV A, M : Get the 7-segment code

OUT 80H : Write 7-segment code in display RAM

INX H : Increment lookup table pointer

DCR C : Decrement counter

JNZ BACK : if count = 0 stop, otherwise go to back

HLT : Stop program execution

FLOWCHART

LOOK UP TABLE

Labels: 8085, assembly language, microprocessors